点击文件名下载附件
Preface 3
Acknowledgements 13
Abbreviations 14
Executive summary 15
Part I
Chapter 1. Youth employment trends 26
1.1 Introduction 26
1.2 Global overview of key indicators for young people 26
1.3 Trends in employment, unemployment and NEET rate 31
1.3.1 Employment 31
1.3.2 NEET rate and labour force 37
1.3.3 Unemployment 41
1.4 Education and training 45
1.4.1 Shifts between employment and education during the crisis 45
1.4.2 The education crisis 48
1.5 Structural changes in economic activity 50
1.6 Conclusions 54
Chapter references 56
Part II. Investing in transforming futures for young people
Introduction 60
Chapter 2. Young people and the transition to green and blue economies 70
2.1 Introduction 70
2.2 Environmental degradation and its impacts on young women and men 74
2.3 Youth employment in the green and blue economies 76
2.4 Modelling the impacts of green policy measures on youth employment opportunities 91
2.5 Supporting a human-centred recovery that is inclusive, sustainable and resilient 101
2.6 Achieving a more sustainable future 109
References for the introduction to Part II and for Chapter 2 111
Chapter 3. The digital and creative economies 118
3.1 Introduction 118
3.2 The digital economy and young people 120
3.2.1 What is digital employment? 120
3.2.2 Trends and characteristics of digital employment for young people 123
3.2.3 The digital economy and job characteristics 130
3.2.4 The digital economy and educational attainment 136
3.3 The digital economy: A pathway to more and better work for young people? 138
3.3.1 Potential for youth employment growth: Macro-econometric estimates 138
3.3.2 Young people and crowdwork 142
3.4 Opportunities, challenges and limits of the digital economy 145
3.5 The creative economy 145
3.6 The orange economy and employment 148
3.6.1 Job characteristics in the orange economy 153
3.6.2 The creative economy and education 157
3.7 The creative economy as a source of job opportunities for young people 159
3.8 Policy implications: Creating opportunities for young people
in the digital and creative economies 160
Chapter references 163
Chapter 4. Young workers in the care economy 168
4.1 Introduction 168
4.2 The care economy as a major employer of young workers 170
4.2.1 Young workers in the education sector 174
4.2.2 Young workers in the health and social work sector 177
4.2.3 Young workers in domestic work 187
4.3 Youth employment in care sectors and the COVID-19 crisis 190
4.3.1 Youth employment in education: The challenges of school closures and online teaching 193
4.3.2 Youth employment in health and social work: Front-line workers responding
to the pandemic 198
4.3.3 Young domestic workers losing their jobs owing to the pandemic 204
4.4 Modelling the impact of investments in the care economy
on youth employment opportunities 207
4.5 The care economy as the centrepiece of a job-rich, youth- and gender-responsive recovery 214
4.5.1 Policies to support young workers in education 216
4.5.2 Policies to support young workers in health and social work 218
4.5.3 Policies to support young domestic workers 220
Chapter references 221
Chapter 5. Policy implications 226
5.1 Introduction 226
5.2 Blind spots in the policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis 226
5.2.1 Support programmes for young people were sporadic 229
5.2.2 The need for targeted action to tackle inequalities 230
5.3 Key policy messages for a youth-friendly recovery from the COVID‑19 crisis
and a better future of work 232
5.3.1 Ensuring that the labour market creates jobs for young people 232
5.3.2 Investing to transform the economy, create new decent jobs
and ensure the well-being of future generations 235
5.3.3 Adopting supportive labour market policies and promoting skills development
and entrepreneurship 236
5.3.4 Addressing youth-specific vulnerabilities and the lack of decent work 239
5.3.5 Improving policy design and delivery through integrated employment strategies 239
5.3.6 Listening to young people and fostering their engagement 242
Chapter references 244
Appendices
A. Country groupings by region and income level 250
B. ILO modelled estimates 252
C. Additional tables 258
D. The E3ME model of Cambridge Econometrics and the baseline scenario 282
E. Correspondence between ILO countries/ country groupings/sectors
and E3ME regions/sectors 288
F. Micro-databases 295